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You differentiate seawater, brackish water, and groundwater primarily by their Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels:
Seawater: Very salty, typically 10,000–35,000 ppm TDS
Brackish water: Slightly salty, typically 1,000–10,000 ppm TDS
Freshwater: Fresh to mildly salty depending on location (<1,000 ppm TDS)
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) indicates how much mineral/salt content is in water. Measured using a TDS meter.
WHO's TDS Palatability Scale (mg/L):
< 300: Excellent
300 - 600: Good
600 - 900: Fair
900 - 1200: Poor
> 1200: Unacceptable